The study used existing publicly available and deidentified data; therefore, it did not qualify as human subjects research and did not require institutional review board review. 出处：doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.0056

The Stanford institutional review board deemed this study exempt as it uses deidentified, administratively collected data. 出处：Ligibel JA, Goularte N, Berliner JI, et al. Well-Being Parameters and Intention to Leave Current Institution Among Academic Physicians…

Outcome The HPS contains the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), a well-established and validated screening tool for anxiety and depression.8,13 The screener asks respondents to report the frequency during which they felt down, worried, generally uninteres…

Study Design and Data Source Thirteen waves of data from the US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (HPS) public-use files, spanning December 29, 2021, to January 19, 2023,were used to construct the analytic sample. JAMA. 2024;331(4):294-301. doi:10.1001/ja…

Ethics Statement The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Institutional Review Board deemed this study exempt. Informed consent was not required because the data were deidentified. JAMA. 2024;331(4):294-301. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.25599

Study strengths and limitations The present study has several strengths, including a large representative cross-national sample and validated variables that enabled country-level comparisons. In addition, the current study adds to the literature by investigati…

Ethical approval was not sought as the data were already publicly available online. No subjects were further involved, and no patient identifiable data were obtained. There was also no funding source for this project. Cite this article as: Cattermole GN, Graha…

We checked the robustness of our findings, first by substituting the GSNI for the GII in our regression analysis (Table A5). GII and GSNI values were highly correlated (Figure A3) and, as expected, these regressions produced results very similar to those shown…

The aim of this study was twofold. First, to explore cross-national gender differences in bullying behaviors. Second, to examine whether national-level gender inequality relates to gender differences in adolescent bullying behaviors. 出处：Gender Differences in B…

This systematic review and meta-analysis includes previously published observational studies. We could not influence the design of the prior studies upon which this work is based and cannot comment on individual ethics approval or consent. Patients were not in…