This systematic review and meta-analysis includes previously published observational studies. We could not influence the design of the prior studies upon which this work is based and cannot comment on individual ethics approval or consent. Patients were not in…

Ethics committee approval The study was sponsored by the University of Edinburgh (reference AC20095). Prior to commencement, the research was subject to the Usher Institute (University of Edinburgh) ethics and data protection oversight process. The ethics and …

Study approval was received from Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of the primary research institution in each participating country as well as the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health IRB. Detailed country-specific study procedures for the GEAS ha…

The YRBS protocol was approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention institutional review board. Participation in the survey was anonymous and voluntary, and local parental permission procedures were used. Student consent was assumed with the compl…

The IRB at the University of Massachusetts Medical School reviewed the protocol and exempted it from the full committee review because the publicly available data contained no personal identifiable information on survey participants. 出处：Soni A, Fahey N, Bhutta…

The study did not have a protocol. The baseline data collection for this study did not require ethical approval. For the follow-up mortality data collection, we received a statement from the ethics committee of the University Medicine Greifswald stating that i…

This study was exempt from institutional review board approval because the data used in this secondary analysis are de-identified and publicly available. Lian Q, Yu C, Tu X, Deng M, Wang T, Su Q, et al. (2021) Grade repetition and bullying victimization in ado…

This study only used pre-existing anonymous survey data, and no further ethical approval was deemed necessary. Ismail S, Odland ML, Malik A, Weldegiorgis M, Newbigging K, Peden M, et al. (2021) The relationship between psychosocial circumstances and injuries i…

All GSHS surveys were approved in each country by both a national government administrative body and an institutional review board or ethics committee. Verbal or written consent was also obtained from the participants and their parents. Unintentional injuries …

Ethics statement In each of the participating countries, the GSHS received ethics approval from the Ministry of Education or a relevant institutional ethics review committee, or both. Only those adolescents and their parents or guardians who provided written o…